The Catholic Counter-Reformation

* Counter-Reformation - Paul III

- Councils of Trent 1544-1563

-> end sale of indulgences

-> clergy schools - seminaries

-> enforce celibacy etc.

-> reaffirm Catholic principles

=> Bible not only source of God’s word

=> tradition direct from disciples is also key

- Jesuits 1540 - St. Ignatius

-> God's shock-troops

-> extremely efficient bureaucracy

-> excellent schools

-> sort of a professional diplomatic corps

-> becomes in a lot of ways more radical than the church

=> other orders also become difficult, but this is the worst

=> Jesuits out of direct ecclesiastical control

- index of banned books

- Inquisition reborn 1542

- missionaries

-> get a lot of Eastern Europe back

-> to the Americas

* religious intolerance now trendy amongst Christians

- Inquisition

- Puritans

* 30 Years War 1618-1635

- Ferdinand 2 vs. various prot Germans

- Swedes and Danes hold off the Austrians, but fail to win

- Treaty of Westphalia sees Germany devastated

- Dutch republic and Switzerland appear

- French gain power from weakened Hapsburgs

* setting the intellectual stage

- Capitalism

-> Calvinism and proof in action

-> releases money from church control

-> loans are more tolerated

- secular v. religious split firmly set

-> Luther puts church under government

-> reduces the revolutionary aspects of Machiavelli

- Protestantism starts the dissenter tradition

-> after Luther takes on the church, what could be sacred?

=> scares even Luther (Anabaptists, Peasant Revolt)

=> gives science a lot of breathing room