WWI Treaties -0708m

*Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

-Date: March 3, 1918

-Parties: Central Powers and Russia

-Terms/Effects:

->initially armistice

=>counting on pressure from the Western Front to force the Central Powers into accepting a treaty

without ceding territory or paying money

=>”No War-No Peace” Trotsky

=>hugely unsuccessful tactic for Russia

->Ceded territories to Central powers included: Poland, Latvia, Lituania, Estonia, Ukraine, Belarus

=>most were already occupied or seized by Central Powers after initial negotiations failed

->Russia forced to sign very punitive treaty in order to prevent attack on the capital and leave the war

->Russia lost 1/3 population, 1/2 of industry, 9/10 of coal mines

->Helped Finland, Lituania, Latvia, and Estonia become independent

->After Germany loses the war, some territory returned to Russia, some not

*Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

-Date: September 10, 1919

-Parties: Allied Powers and Austria

-Terms/Effects:

->Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved

=>independence of Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, and Yugoslavia

->Loss of Territory to Italy

=>Mostly parts of present-day southern Austria

->Reparations payments to Allied nations

->Requirement of remaining politically and economically independent

=>cannot unite with Germany in any way

->limited army (30,000)

->loss of ethnically/linguistically German Sudetenland to Czechoslovakia

->loss of economically important territory

*Treaty of Trianon

-Date: June 4, 1920

-Parties: Allied Powers and Hungary

-Terms/Effects:

->Established Hungarian borders

=>established Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia

=>ceded territory to Romania

=>city of Fiume ceded to Yugoslavia – then occupied by Italy

->Loss of population – ceded territories

->Loss of ports – ceded territories

->Armed forces restricted (35,000)

->No more ties to territories/colonies

->resulted in German ally being surrounded by nations sympathetic to the Allied powers

*Treaty of Lausanne

-Date: July 24, 1923

- Parties: Allied powers and Turkey

-Terms/Effects:

->Border changes to Turkey, Bulgaria, and Greece

->Ceded territories: Cyprus, Iraq, Syria

-> No more Ottoman Empire

*Treaty of Versailles

-Date: June 28, 1919

->After Armistice on 11/11/1918

->Germany never invaded, most troops evacuated back to Germany

-Parties: Allied powers and Germany

-Terms/Effects:

->WAR GUILT - Germany and allies must take responsibility for the war

->Territorial concessions

=>All former Asian and African colonies are ceded to Allied powers as Mandates

=>territory given to France and Poland

->Restricted Army and Navy (100,000 and 15,000)

->Occupation of the Rhineland and later the Ruhr Valley by France

->Reparations

Overall Effects:

-14 points adopted in all treaties (except by US)

-League of Nations created (by 14 points)

-National Self-Determination becomes the hot topic

->imagine how this idea scares France and Britain

-Reparations and War Guilt

->economic inflation

->social instability

-Emergence of republics

->replacing old empires/regimes

-Emergence of Fascism and National Socialism

->replacing new republics

->social, political, and economic instability

->democracy vs. authoritarian regime –Which one’s quicker?